Genomics of sex chromosomes.

Sex chromosomes in plants and animals are distinctive, not only because of their gender-determining role but also for genomic features that reflect their evolutionary history. The genomic sequences in the ancient sex chromosomes of humans and in the incipient sex chromosomes of medaka, stickleback, papaya, and poplar exhibit unusual features as consequences of their evolution. These include the enormous palindrome structure in human MSY, a duplicated genomic fragment that evolved into a Y chromosome in medaka, and a 700 kb extra telomeric sequence of the W chromosome in poplar. Comparative genomic analysis of ancient and incipient sex chromosomes highlights common features that implicate the selection forces that shaped them, even though evolutionary origin, pace, and fate vary widely among individual sex-determining systems.