Control of HIV/AIDS and AIDS-related conditions in Africa with special reference to periodontal diseases.

The HIV/AIDS pandemic, described as one of the worst in human history, is having devastating consequences on the African continent. With 70% of the world's HIV-infected population living in sub-Saharan Africa, the economic, social and health care challenges are staggering. While synthesis of effective vaccines is still at an early stage, containment of the pandemic requires a holistic response through an integrated approach of prevention, treatment and improvement in living conditions. Highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) has had a major impact on HIV-related deaths and illnesses. The goal of antiretroviral therapy is the maximum suppression of viral load, restoration or preservation of immune function, improvement of quality of life and reduction of HIV-related morbidity and mortality. The spectrum of periodontal diseases in individuals infected with HIV includes unusual forms of gingivitis, necrotising diseases, exaggerated periodontitis and a host of oral mucosal conditions. Treatment includes professional plaque control, debridement to remove necrotic debris, irrigation with antiseptic mouthwashes (chlorhexidine, povidone iodine) and the use of systemic antibiotics in selected cases. It is imperative that research continues in order to better understand the periodontal diseases associated with HIV-infected individuals and design evidence-based therapeutic regimens.