Production of Forskolin by Axenic Coleus forskohlii Roots Cultivated in Shake Flasks and 20-l Glass Jar Bioreactors*.

Root cultures of COLEUS FORSKOHLII Briq. were initiated from primary callus or IBA-treated suspension cultures and maintained on Gamborg's B5 medium containing 1 mg/l IBA. Transformed root cultures were established by infecting surface-sterilized leaves with AGROBACTERIUM RHIZOGENES strain 15834. Transformation was confirmed by mannopine detection. These cultures displayed the typical characteristics of hairy root cultures, with the sole exceptions of slow growth in hormone-free medium and accelerated growth on medium containing phytohormones. All root cultures examined formed forskolin and its derivatives in amounts ranging from 500 to 1300 mg/kg dry weight, corresponding to about 4 to 5 mg/l. During cultivation roots could be cut into small pieces without affecting growth and forskolin production. Scale-ups of the cultivation procedure were performed in 20-l glass jars with a working volume of 10 to 13l. Forskolin production in bioreactors was better than in shake flasks. Levels of almost 14 mg/l could be reached after 21 d of cultivation. As in the shake flask experiments cutting the roots did not affect growth or productivity in a negative way.