Image-to-patient registration techniques in head surgery.

Frame-based stereotaxy was developed in neurosurgery at the beginning of the last century, evolving from atlas-based stereotaxy to stereotaxy based on the individual patient's image data. This established method is still in use in neurosurgery and radiotherapy. There have since been two main developments based on this concept: frameless stereotaxy and markerless registration. Frameless stereotactic systems ('navigation systems') replaced the cumbersome stereotactic frame by mechanically and later also optically or magnetically tracked instruments. Stereotaxy based on the individual patient's image data introduced the problem of patient-to-image data registration. The development of navigation systems based on frameless stereotaxy has dramatically increased its use in surgical disciplines other than neurosurgery, but image-guided surgery based on fiducial marker registration needs dedicated imaging for registration purposes, in addition to the diagnostic imaging that might have been performed. Markerless registration techniques can overcome the resulting additional cost and effort, and result in more widespread use of image-guided surgery techniques. In this review paper, the developments that led to today's navigation systems are outlined, and the applications and possibilities of these methods in the field of maxillofacial surgery are presented.