PURPOSE: To determine if strabismus affects the ratings of official U.S. Army photographs. METHODS: Photographs of seven women and seven men officers (subjects) were digitally altered to give the impression of strabismus. Four photographs of each subject were obtained: two in an orthotropic state; one in a left exotropic state; and one in a left esotropic state. The photographs were presented randomly to a panel of 38 raters. Masked to the study design, the raters rated every photograph on a 1 to 10 Likert scale. The results were grouped according to eye alignment: two orthotropic groups, one exotropic group, and one esotropic group. Comparisons of the mean ratings were made between each eye alignment group and based on the subject's gender. RESULTS: The mean rating for each orthotropic group was 5.4 and 5.5 Likert scale units with a SD of 0.8 and 0.9, respectively (group 1 and group 2). The mean rating for the exotropic group was 5.4 Likert scale units with a SD of 0.7. The mean rating for the esotropic group was 5.1 Likert scale units with a SD of 0.8. Significantly lower ratings were obtained for the esotropic group compared with the orthotropic group (p=0.028). Women received significantly lower ratings regardless of eye alignment (p=0.044). CONCLUSIONS: This study indicates that the presence of esotropia negatively affects the rating of an official U.S. Army photograph; furthermore, female gender negatively affects ratings.
RCT Entities:
PURPOSE: To determine if strabismus affects the ratings of official U.S. Army photographs. METHODS: Photographs of seven women and seven men officers (subjects) were digitally altered to give the impression of strabismus. Four photographs of each subject were obtained: two in an orthotropic state; one in a left exotropic state; and one in a left esotropic state. The photographs were presented randomly to a panel of 38 raters. Masked to the study design, the raters rated every photograph on a 1 to 10 Likert scale. The results were grouped according to eye alignment: two orthotropic groups, one exotropic group, and one esotropic group. Comparisons of the mean ratings were made between each eye alignment group and based on the subject's gender. RESULTS: The mean rating for each orthotropic group was 5.4 and 5.5 Likert scale units with a SD of 0.8 and 0.9, respectively (group 1 and group 2). The mean rating for the exotropic group was 5.4 Likert scale units with a SD of 0.7. The mean rating for the esotropic group was 5.1 Likert scale units with a SD of 0.8. Significantly lower ratings were obtained for the esotropic group compared with the orthotropic group (p=0.028). Women received significantly lower ratings regardless of eye alignment (p=0.044). CONCLUSIONS: This study indicates that the presence of esotropia negatively affects the rating of an official U.S. Army photograph; furthermore, female gender negatively affects ratings.
Authors: H S Richards; E Jenkinson; N Rumsey; P White; H Garrott; H Herbert; F Kalapesi; R A Harrad Journal: Eye (Lond) Date: 2013-12-20 Impact factor: 3.775
Authors: Susan A Cotter; Rohit Varma; Kristina Tarczy-Hornoch; Roberta McKean-Cowdin; Jesse Lin; Ge Wen; Jolyn Wei; Mark Borchert; Stanley P Azen; Mina Torres; James M Tielsch; David S Friedman; Michael X Repka; Joanne Katz; Josephine Ibironke; Lydia Giordano Journal: Ophthalmology Date: 2011-08-19 Impact factor: 12.079
Authors: Ge Wen; Roberta McKean-Cowdin; Rohit Varma; Kristina Tarczy-Hornoch; Susan A Cotter; Mark Borchert; Stanley Azen Journal: Ophthalmology Date: 2010-09-29 Impact factor: 12.079
Authors: David S Friedman; Michael X Repka; Joanne Katz; Lydia Giordano; Josephine Ibironke; Patricia Hawse; James M Tielsch Journal: Ophthalmology Date: 2009-09-16 Impact factor: 12.079