Enantiomeric free radicals and enzymatic control of stereochemistry in a radical mechanism: the case of lysine 2,3-aminomutases.

The product of yjeK in Escherichia coli is a homologue of lysine 2,3-aminomutase (LAM) from Clostridium subterminale SB4, and both enzymes catalyze the isomerization of (S)- but not (R)-alpha-lysine by radical mechanisms. The turnover number for LAM from E. coli is 5.0 min(-1), 0.1% of the value for clostridial LAM. The reaction of E. coli LAM with (S)-alpha-[3,3,4,4,5,5,6,6-(2)H8]lysine proceeds with a kinetic isotope effect (kH/kD) of 1.4, suggesting that hydrogen transfer is not rate-limiting. The product of the E. coli enzyme is (R)-beta-lysine, the enantiomer of the clostridial product. Beta-lysine-related radicals are observed in the reactions of both enzymes by electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR). The radical in the reaction of clostridial LAM has the (S)-configuration, whereas that in the reaction of E. coli LAM has the (R)-configuration. Moreover, the conformations of the beta-lysine-related radicals at the active sites of E. coli and clostridial LAM are different. The nuclear hyperfine splitting between the C3 hydrogen and the unpaired electron at C2 shows the dihedral angle to be 6 degrees, unlike the value of 77 degrees reported for the analogous radical bound to the clostridial enzyme. Reaction of (S)-4-thialysine produces a substrate-related radical in the steady state of E. coli LAM, as in the action of the clostridial enzyme. While (S)-beta-lysine is not a substrate for E. coli LAM, it undergoes hydrogen abstraction to form an (S)-beta-lysine-related radical with the same stereochemistry of hydrogen transfer from C2 of (S)-beta-lysine to the 5'-deoxyadenosyl radical as in the action of the clostridial enzyme. The resulting beta-lysyl radical has a conformation different from that at the active site of clostridial LAM. All evidence indicates that the opposite stereochemistry displayed by E. coli LAM is determined by the conformation of the lysine side chain in the active site. Stereochemical models for the actions of LAM from C. subterminale and E. coli are presented.