Differentiation of competitive vs. non-competitive mechanisms mediating disruption of moth sexual communication by point sources of sex pheromone (part I): Theory.

This study establishes a theoretical framework for differentiating among possible behavioral mechanisms whereby sexual communication of moths is disrupted in crops treated with point sources of pheromone. The major mechanisms recognized in the mating disruption literature fall into two main categories: competitive (competitive attraction = false-plume-following) and non-competitive (camouflage, desensitization, and sensory imbalance). Each disruption mechanism has been precisely defined verbally, and then the distinguishing characteristics of the two categories were defined mathematically. The sets of predictions associated with each category were visualized by graphical plots of mathematical simulations. Profiles of simulated male visitation rates to pheromone-baited traps deployed in pheromone-treated crops were graphed against density of pheromone dispensers by using various types of axes. Key traits of non-competitive attraction are as follows: concave profiles on untransformed axes, with an asymptotic approach to zero catch of male moths in traps; a straight line with positive slope when 1/catch is plotted against dispenser density (Miller-Gut plot); and a straight line with negative slope when catch is plotted against dispenser density * catch (Miller-de Lame plot). Key traits of non-competitive disruption profiles include: an initial linear disruption profile on untransformed axes; a concave Miller-Gut plot; and a recurving Miller-de Lame plot. These differences in profiles provide a basis for distinguishing competitive from non-competitive mechanisms when analyzing disruption profiles from field experiments. Slopes and intercepts of these secondary plots can also reveal both male and female moth densities, if the relative attractiveness of traps, females, and dispensers is known. The absolute value of the slope of the Miller-de Lame plot is a measure of each dispenser's activity (D(a)) for suppressing catch of male moths in traps. An application activity (D(Aa)) for a given dispenser can be calculated by multiplying D(a) by the number of such dispensers applied per hectare of crop.