The prevention and management of perioperative complications.

The most important issues in perioperative complications of oesophagectomy are prevention, early detection and appropriate management. Anastomotic leakage is the most frequent technical surgical complication. Prevention comprises avoidance of tension or impaired vascularization of the conduit and meticulous suture technique. Management includes early diagnosis, conservative treatment or endoscopic stenting of contained leakage, and re-operation of non-contained insufficiency. All other surgical complications - such as bleeding, tracheobronchial lesions or chylothorax - are rare and warrant special therapeutic modalities. The main general non-surgical complication is postoperative pneumonia, which should be prevented by effective pain control (especially peridural catheter) and appropriate techniques of artificial respiration. Special attention should be offered to postoperative tachyarrhythmias and alcohol withdrawal syndrome. Prevention of complications also includes exclusion of patients with high operative risk based on scores and specific preoperative treatment of risk factors.