Bulking agents in the treatment of stress urinary incontinence: history, outcomes, patient populations, and reimbursement profile.

Stress urinary incontinence (SUI) can be defined as involuntary loss of urine during a period of increased abdominal pressure and in the absence of detrusor activity. Bulking agents used in the urethra are one of the newer but established technologies for the treatment of SUI. An understanding of the demographics of SUI will help in the selection of patients for bulking agent therapy. Knowledge of available materials, including their positive and negative aspects, is also required. Autologous fat, silicone beads, collagen, carbon particles, and polytetrafluoroethylene paste have all demonstrated success to some degree, but none have met both criteria for success (remaining efficacious over time and maintaining a low side-effect profile). An implantable solution of ethylene vinyl alcohol suspended in dimethyl sulfoxide, currently in clinical testing and review, shows minimal foreign body reaction and is one option being investigated to address patient needs for improved bulking therapy.