Evaluation of voiding dysfunction and measurement of bladder volume.

When evaluating patients with voiding dysfunction, noninvasive tests such as uroflowmetry and measurement of postvoid residual urine volume (PVR) can help to determine whether additional testing is warranted. PVR can be measured by 2 methods: catheterization or bedside bladder ultrasonography. Although both methods have advantages, the convenience, efficiency, and safety of bladder ultrasound makes its use beneficial in a wide variety of populations, including hospitalized patients, children, and the elderly. More recently, bladder ultrasound has been used for other procedures, such as suprapubic aspiration, evaluation of intravesical masses, and to determine bladder wall thickness and bladder wall mass, both of which have been associated with outflow obstruction.