Genetic transformation of Gentiana macrophylla with Agrobacterium rhizogenes: growth and production of secoiridoid glucoside gentiopicroside in transformed hairy root cultures.

Hairy root cultures of Gentiana macrophylla were established by infecting the different explants four Agrobacterium rhizogenes strains namely A(4)GUS, R1000, LBA 9402 and ATCC11325, and hairy root lines were established with A. rhizogenes strain R1000 in 1/2 MS + B(5) medium. Initially, 42 independent hairy root clones were maintained and seven clones belongs to different category were evaluated for growth, morphology, integration and expression of Ri T-DNA genes, and alkaloid contents in dry root samples. On the basis of total root elongation, lateral root density and biomass accumulation on solid media, hairy root clones were separated into three categories. PCR and Southern hybridization analysis revealed both left and right T-DNA integration in the root clones and RT-PCR analysis confirmed the expression of hairy root inducible gene. GUS assay was also performed to confirm the integration of left T-DNA. The accumulation of considerable amounts of the root-specific secoiridoid glucosides gentiopicroside was observed in GM1 (T +/L and T +/R) and the GM2 (T +/L and T -/R DNA) type clones in considerably higher amount whether as two T -/L but T +/R callus-type clones (GM3) accumulated much less or only very negligible amounts of gentiopicroside. Out of four media composition the 1/2 MS + B(5) vitamin media was found most suitable. We found that initial establishment of root cultures largely depends on root:media ratio. Maximum growth rate was recorded in 1:50 root:media ratio. The maximum biomass in terms of fresh weight (33-fold) was achieved in 1/2 MS + B(5) media composition after 35 days in comparison to sixfold increase in control. The biomass increase was most abundant maximum from 15 to 30 days. Influence of A. rhizogenes strains and Ri plasmid of hairy root induction, the possible role of the T(L)-DNA and T(R)-DNA genes on growth pattern of hairy root, initial root inoculum:media ratio and effect of media composition is discussed.