Speaking rate and fundamental frequency as speech cues to perceived age.

This study aimed to specify a set of acoustic cues fundamental to vocal aging and to establish their perceptual relevance, using acoustic analysis and perceptual testing. Three experiments were conducted to identify the perceptual correlates of the aging voice. The first experiment analyzed important voice parameters that signal a person's age for 16 older males and 14 younger males. In the second and third experiments, these acoustic patterns were systematically shifted through resynthesis to see if perceived age would be significantly influenced. In the second experiment, the older and younger male voices were resynthesized by manipulating speaking rate and fundamental frequency to shift the perceived age of the groups toward each other. In the third experiment, older and middle-aged male voices were resynthesized in a similar manner. In both perceptual studies, an age estimation task with naive listeners was used. The results of the first experiment showed that, in older speakers, sentence, word, and diphthong durations were all significantly longer and mean fundamental frequency was significantly higher than for the younger group. In the second experiment, only the manipulation of speaking rate resulted in a significant shift in perceived age, and it did so only for the older subjects. In the third experiment, a significant shift in age estimates was observed for the middle-aged, but not the older, voices when speaking rate was manipulated. The results of both perception tests suggest that speaking rate, but possibly not fundamental frequency, is a perceptually relevant cue to age in voice.