BACKGROUND: Cognitive impairment may be part of the endophenotype of bipolar disorder (BP), but little is known about patterns and severity of impairment in BP subgroups and their relation to depression. The same applies to deficits in emotion processing known to be present in BP. METHOD: To explore the relationship between depression and impairment in cognition and emotion processing and the differences between BP subgroups, we assessed 36 (25 BP I and 11 BP II) patients using a cognitive battery and a facial emotion recognition task. RESULTS: BP patients were impaired compared to published norms on memory, naming and executive measures (Binomial Single Proportion tests, p<0.05). Cognitive performance was largely unrelated to depression ratings. Surprise recognition was the only emotion processing impairment in BP patients compared to controls (patients' recognition score 75% v. controls' 89%, p=0.024). Patients with higher depression ratings were more impaired in recognizing expressions of anger (t23=2.21, p=0.037). BP II patients were more impaired than BP I patients in IQ, memory and executive measures (Mann-Whitney tests, p<0.05). Depression severity or exposure to medication or electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) did not explain these differences. CONCLUSIONS: We confirm cognitive impairment and an isolated facial emotion processing deficit in BP patients and suggest that these deficits are largely unrelated to depressive symptoms. Our study also provides evidence that cognitive deficits are more severe and pervasive in BP II patients, suggesting that recurrent depressive episodes, rather than mania, may have a more detrimental and lasting effect on cognition.
BACKGROUND: Cognitive impairment may be part of the endophenotype of bipolar disorder (BP), but little is known about patterns and severity of impairment in BP subgroups and their relation to depression. The same applies to deficits in emotion processing known to be present in BP. METHOD: To explore the relationship between depression and impairment in cognition and emotion processing and the differences between BP subgroups, we assessed 36 (25 BP I and 11 BP II) patients using a cognitive battery and a facial emotion recognition task. RESULTS: BP patients were impaired compared to published norms on memory, naming and executive measures (Binomial Single Proportion tests, p<0.05). Cognitive performance was largely unrelated to depression ratings. Surprise recognition was the only emotion processing impairment in BP patients compared to controls (patients' recognition score 75% v. controls' 89%, p=0.024). Patients with higher depression ratings were more impaired in recognizing expressions of anger (t23=2.21, p=0.037). BP II patients were more impaired than BP I patients in IQ, memory and executive measures (Mann-Whitney tests, p<0.05). Depression severity or exposure to medication or electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) did not explain these differences. CONCLUSIONS: We confirm cognitive impairment and an isolated facial emotion processing deficit in BP patients and suggest that these deficits are largely unrelated to depressive symptoms. Our study also provides evidence that cognitive deficits are more severe and pervasive in BP II patients, suggesting that recurrent depressive episodes, rather than mania, may have a more detrimental and lasting effect on cognition.
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