Not your typical strongyloides infection: a literature review and case study.

Strongyloides hyperinfection syndrome is one of several clinical manifestations of strongyloidiasis and has a mortality rate exceeding 85%. The syndrome is characterized by a high organism burden owing to autoinfection and is most common in immunocom-promised hosts. The recovery of multiple pathogens is likely due to a piggyback phenomenon that occurs when enteric pathogens are transferred to the bloodstream attached to Strongyloides larvae. Herein, we describe a case of Strongyloides hyperinfection syndrome with a novel feature in a 69-year-old Venezuelan man. To our knowledge, this is the first case of Strongyloides hyperinfection syndrome and Pneumocystis jiroveci pneumonia occurring simultaneously. Owing to its extremely high mortality rate, Strongyloides hyperinfection syndrome must be considered early in the differential diagnosis for respiratory failure when multiple pathogens are recovered in patients from endemic areas.