Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor-related angioedema: how to deal with it.

Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor-related angioedema is a well documented condition, which seems to occur in up to 1% of treated patients. It represents a problem for both the clinician and the patient: for the clinician, the diagnosis may be difficult due to its peculiar clinical characteristics, whereas for the misdiagnosed patient the delay prolongs a potentially dangerous situation. If the drug is not discontinued, the attacks tend to become worse and even life-threatening. There are now evidences that increased levels of bradykinin have an important role in the pathophysiology of attacks and, moreover, there are genetic factors that render certain individuals susceptible to angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor-related angioedema. In this review, the authors analyse the pathogenetic mechanism, the clinical presentation, the management and future perspectives of research on this condition.