Pharmionics in dermatology: a review of topical medication adherence.

The objective of this article was to review patient adherence to topical medications and its relationship to health outcomes in dermatologic disease. To this end, MEDLINE searches from January 1966 through June 2006 and EMBASE searches from January 1974 through June 2006 were conducted. Relevant human efficacy studies, including randomized controlled trials, observational studies, and case-control studies, were selected on the basis of the key words 'compliance,' 'adherence,' 'pharmionics,' 'topical,' 'medication,' or 'dermatology.' Studies were included and reviewed on the basis of their experimental design, controls, and statistical analysis. Analysis revealed that suboptimal adherence to topical medications is a common cause of minimal response or lack of response to drugs and is linked with poor dermatologic outcomes in diseases such as psoriasis, atopic dermatitis, and acne. It is concluded that non-adherence to topical medications is as common as non-adherence to oral medications, and its relationship to poor health outcomes is clear. Several barriers to topical medication adherence and predictors of non-adherence are similar to those for oral medications, while other barriers and predictors are unique to topical medications and the nature of dermatologic disease. Further studies of effective interventions to increase adherence are necessary to improve health outcomes in dermatology.