Frontoparietal network involved in successful retrieval from episodic memory. Spatial and temporal analyses using fMRI and ERP.

The neural basis for successful recognition of previously studied items, referred to as "retrieval success," has been investigated using either neuroimaging or brain potentials; however, few studies have used both modalities. Our study combined event-related functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) and event-related potential (ERP) in separate groups of subjects. The neural responses were measured while the subjects performed an old/new recognition task with pictures that had been previously studied in either a deep- or shallow-encoding condition. The fMRI experiment showed that among the frontoparietal regions involved in retrieval success, the inferior frontal gyrus and intraparietal sulcus were crucial to conscious recollection because the activity of these regions was influenced by the depth of memory at encoding. The activity of the right parietal region in response to a repeated item was modulated by the repetition lag, indicating that this area would be critical to familiarity-based judgment. The results of structural equation modeling revealed that the functional connectivity among the regions in the left hemisphere was more significant than that in the right hemisphere. The results of the ERP experiment and independent component analysis paralleled those of the fMRI experiment and demonstrated that the repeated item produced an earlier peak than the hit item by approximately 50 ms.