An introduction to plant cell culture: Back to the future.

Plant cell, tissue, and organ culture is a set of techniques designed for the growth and multiplication of cells and tissues using nutrient solutions in an aseptic and controlled environment. This technology explores conditions that promote cell division and genetic reprogramming in in vitro conditions. Mainly developed in the early 1960s, plant tissue culture has turned into a standard procedure for modem biotechnology and today one can recognize five major areas where in vitro cell cultures are currently applied: large-scale propagation of elite materials, generation of genetic modified fertile individuals, as a model system for fundamental plant cell physiology aspects, preservation of endangered species, and metabolic engineering of fine chemicals. This chapter reviews the recent advances in such areas.