Crassulacean Acid Metabolism and Photochemical Efficiency of Photosystem II in the Adaxial and Abaxial Parts of the Succulent Leaves of Kalanchoë daigremontiana Grown at Four Photon Flux Densities.

Kalanchoë daigremontiana, a species possessing crassulacean acid metabolism, was grown at four photon flux densities (1300, 400, 60, and 25 micromole photons per square meter per second). In leaves which had developed at 1300 and 400 micromole photons per square meter per second, CO(2) was mainly incorporated through the lower, shaded leaf surfaces, and the chlorenchyma adjacent to the lower surfaces showed a higher degree of nocturnal acid synthesis than the chlorenchyma adjacent to the upper surfaces. In leaves acclimated to 60 and 25 micromole photons per square meter per second, the gradient in CAM activity was reversed, i.e. more CO(2) was taken up through the upper than through the lower surfaces and nocturnal acidification was higher in the tissue next to the upper surfaces. Total net carbon gain and total nocturnal acid synthesis were highest in leaves which had developed at 400 micromole photons per square meter per second. Chlorophyll content was markedly reduced in leaves which had developed at 1300 micromole photons per square meter per second, especially in the exposed adaxial parts. There was also a sustained reduction in photosystem II photochemical efficiency as indicated by measurements of the ratio of variable over maximum chlorophyll a fluorescence. These findings suggest that, at high growth photon flux densities, the reduced activity of the exposed portions of these succulent leaves is caused by (a) the adverse effects of excess light, (b) together with a genotypic component which favors CO(2) uptake and acid synthesis in the abaxial (lower) leaf parts even when light is not or only marginally excessive. This latter component is predominant at medium photon flux densities, e.g. at 400 micromole photons per square meter per second. It becomes overridden, however, under conditions of deep shade when strongly reduced light levels in the abaxial parts of the leaf chlorenchyma severely limit photosynthesis.