Reduction State of Q and Nonradiative Energy Dissipation during Photosynthesis in Leaves of a Crassulacean Acid Metabolism Plant, Kalanchoë daigremontiana Hamet et Perr.

Fluorescence was measured in leaves of the CAM plant Kalanchoë daigremontiana using a pulse modulation technique at room temperature. During a 12-h light period at 500 micromole photons per square meter per second (400-700 nanometers) in air containing 350 microbar CO(2), the component of fluorescence quenching related to the reduction state of Q, the primary electron transport acceptor of PSII, remained fairly constant and showed that only 20% of Q were in the reduced form. The reduction state was slightly increased at the onset and at the end of the light period. By contrast, the nonphotochemical component of fluorescence quenching which is a measure of the fraction of nonradiative deexcitation underwent marked diurnal changes. Nonradiative energy conversion was low during the phase of most active malic acid decarboxylation in the middle of the light period when uptake of atmospheric CO(2) was negligible, and when internal CO(2) partial pressures were higher than in air; this allowed for high rates of CO(2) reduction in the chloroplasts. Nonradiative energy conversion was high during the early and the late light period when atmospheric CO(2) was taken up and internal CO(2) partial pressures were below air level. Manipulation of the internal CO(2) partial pressure during the late light period by increasing or decreasing the external CO(2) partial pressure to 1710 and 105 microbar, respectively, led to changes in the magnitude of energy dependent fluorescence quenching which were consistent with the relationship between nonradiative energy dissipation and internal CO(2) partial pressure observed during the diurnal cycle. Again, the reduction state of Q was hardly affected by these treatments. Thus, changes in electron transport rate during the diurnal CAM cycle at a given photon flux density lead primarily to alterations in the rate of nonradiative energy dissipation, with the reduction state of Q being maintained at a relatively low and constant level. Conditions are described under which nonphotochemical dissipation of excitation energy reaches a maximum value and the reduction state of Q is increased.