Measurement of CO(2) and H(2)O Vapor Exchange in Spinach Leaf Discs : Effects of Orthophosphate.

A leaf chamber has been designed which allows the measurement of both CO(2) and water vapor exchange in Spinacia oleracea leaf discs. The center of the disc lies within a cylindrical gas chamber and its margins are enclosed within a cavity through which water or various metabolites can be pumped. In saturating light and normal atmospheres, the leaf discs have a relatively low resistance to H(2)O vapor transfer (r(w) = 1.87 seconds per centimeter) and can support high rates of photosynthesis for several hours. The abaxial surface of a disc had a higher resistance to water vapor transfer (r(w) = 3.22 seconds per centimeter) than the adaxial (r(w) = 2.45 seconds per centimeter) despite having a higher stomatal frequency (abaxial, 105/square millimeter; adaxial, 58/square millimeter). In 2% O(2), the discs required an internal concentration of CO(2) of 115 microliters per liter to support one-half of the maximal velocity of apparent photosynthesis (average value, 66 milligrams CO(2) per square decimeter per hour). In 20% O(2), the comparable values are 156 microliters per liter and 56 milligrams CO(2) per square decimeter per hour. In air, apparent photosynthesis saturated at intensities (750 microeinsteins per square meter per second) well below that of daylight but, when the internal CO(2) was raised to 700 to 900 microliters per liter, photosynthesis was not saturated even at daylight intensities (2025 microeinsteins per square meter per second). The distribution of Prussian blue crystals, formed after ferrocyanide feeding, showed that water entered the disc via the vasculature. When 25-minute pulses of orthophosphate were provided in the feeding solution, there were concentration-dependent increases in both r(w) and r(m) leading to inhibition of photosynthesis. The orthophosphate-dependent inhibitions were reversible.