Placement of percutaneous pedicle screws without imaging guidance.

Pedicle screw (PS) instrumentation provides an exceptionally rigid construct to promote fusion in cases of spinal trauma and degenerative disease. Although the safety of traditional open techniques for PS placement has been well documented, there are no large series in the literature in which the safety of percutaneously placed PSs has been examined. Because the advantages of minimally invasive spine surgery are becoming more widely recognized, especially in regard to the lessening of morbidity caused by pain and blood loss, there will be a greater demand for spine surgeons to place PSs percutaneously. During a 2-year period, the authors placed 287 PSs percutaneously with the aid of intraoperative fluoroscopy. Only one of these screws was later found to have breached the spinal canal, yielding a breach rate of 0.35% for percutaneously placed PSs (one of 287).