Optimization of protein extraction and solubilization for mature grape berry clusters.

Protein extraction from grape berries has been challenging, particularly in mature berries, which can have sugar concentrations as high as 26%. Grape skins and seeds contain large amounts of polyphenols, which can also interfere with efficient protein extraction. In plants, two extraction protocols, TCA/acetone-based and phenol-based methods, have been mainly used to extract proteins from different organs or tissues on many species. However, few results have been reported for grape berry clusters. We wanted to determine which of these protocols was optimal for berry clusters in order to achieve both efficient protein extraction and high spot resolution on 2-D gels. Four protocols, derived from either TCA/acetone or phenol procedures, were tested on mature Cabernet Sauvignon whole berry clusters. The phenol-based protocols were superior to the TCA/acetone methods, showing larger protein yields and greater spot resolution on 2-D gels. One method was clearly superior to the rest, a phenol-based extraction method combined with resuspension in the presence of both urea and thiourea as chaotropes. A total of 81 spots were excised and identified following MALDI-TOF/TOF MS analyses. Their identification helped further characterize the specificity of each extraction procedure.