Effects of NMDA receptor antagonists and sigma ligands on the acquisition of conditioned fear in mice.

Recent studies have shown that several compounds known to act as competitive or non-competitive antagonists of NMDA receptors can disrupt learning in rodents. The present study was carried out to investigate the effects of a range of NMDA antagonists, acting at several sites in the NMDA receptor complex, on the acquisition of learned fear in mice. Dose-related disruptions of learning were produced by the non-competitive antagonists phencyclidine, dizocilpine, dextromethorphan and (+) and (-)N-allylnormetazocine. The (+) enantiomer of N-allylnormetazocine was approximately twice as potent as the (-) enantiomer. The competitive NMDA receptor antagonist, CGS 19755, also blocked the acquisition of learned fear as did the non-specific glutamate antagonist riluzole. In contrast, the anti-ischaemic drugs ifenprodil and SL 82.0715, which probably act as NMDA antagonists through an effect on the polyamine site, had no effect on learning up to doses which substantially reduced locomotion. The sigma receptor ligand DTG was also inactive. These results confirm that both competitive and non-competitive NMDA antagonists disrupt learning but indicate that the extent to which such an effect is observed may depend on the site at which the compounds act within the receptor complex. Activity at sigma receptors is unrelated to the effect on learning.