Neuroimaging in cerebral palsy: Patterns of brain dysgenesis and injury.

Despite advances in obstetric and neonatal care, the overall prevalence of cerebral palsy has remained stable, supporting the belief that pathogenesis is primarily due to prenatal brain dysgenesis and injury. Neuroimaging studies have consistently shown abnormalities in 70% to 90% of affected children, facilitating clinical classification into groups with early brain malformations, white-matter injury, neonatal encephalopathies, and a heterogeneous group of postnatally acquired disorders. White-matter injury, well seen on conventional magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), is the leading cause of cerebral palsy in children born preterm. As many as 20% of very low birthweight infants have cystic and/or diffuse white-matter injury, termed periventricular leukomalacia, with evidence of associated pathology in other cortical and subcortical structures. In the group with acute, term perinatal pathology, a variety of imaging modalities, in addition to MRI, have diagnostic utility. In general, when added to conventional MRI, advanced techniques, such as diffusion tensor imaging, diffusion-weighted imaging, and magnetic resonance spectroscopy, provide a more complete picture of structural and functional brain abnormalities. The results have led to improved understanding of pathogenesis, especially in regard to periventricular leukomalacia and hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy. This information might lead to interventions preventing brain injury in preterm infants and asphyxiated term newborns.