Cortical hemoglobin-concentration changes under the coil induced by single-pulse TMS in humans: a simultaneous recording with near-infrared spectroscopy.

We measured cortical hemoglobin-concentration changes under the coil induced by single-pulse transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) using a technique of simultaneous recording with near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS). Single-pulse TMS was delivered over the hand area of the left primary motor cortex at an intensity of 100, 120, or 140% of the active motor threshold (AMT). NIRS recordings were also made during sham stimulation. These four different stimulation sessions (TMS at three intensities and sham stimulation) were performed both when the subject slightly contracted the right first dorsal interosseous muscle and when relaxed it (active and resting conditions). Under the active condition with TMS at 100% AMT, we observed a transient increase in oxy-hemoglobin (oxy-Hb), which was significantly larger than sham stimulation. Under the resting conditions with TMS at 120 and 140% AMT, we observed significant decreases in both deoxy-hemoglobin (deoxyHb) and total-hemoglobin (total-Hb) as compared to sham stimulation. We suggest that the increase of oxy-Hb concentration at 100% AMT under the active condition reflects an add-on effect by TMS to the active baseline and that decrease of deoxy-Hb and total-Hb concentrations at 120 and 140% AMT under the resting condition are due to reduced baseline firings of the corticospinal tract neurons induced by a lasting inhibition provoked by a higher intensity TMS.