OBJECTIVES: Our earlier work had established that moderate depression significantly decreased over the first 6 months after stroke, whereas anxiety levels remained moderate but stable. This study examines the factors predictive of anxiety and depression to 3 years. METHODS: Patients were assessed on six occasions: on hospital admission, 10-20 days following admission, 1 and 6 months following discharge, and 1 and 3 years poststroke, with 38 of the original sample of 101 taking part at Year 3. Demographic and clinical variables, disability, handicap, and psychological measures were used to predict 3-year anxiety and depression, controlling for earlier levels of anxiety or depression. RESULTS: Multiple regression analyses of anxiety at 3 years, controlling for gender and previous anxiety, demonstrated that neither of the significant partial correlates of 6-month depression or satisfaction with treatment persisted. Gender effects persisted when controlling for previous anxiety. Multiple regression analyses of depression at 3 years, controlling for early depression, found that exercise, treatment satisfaction, anxiety, and handicap added significantly to the prediction of lower depression. CONCLUSIONS: Anxiety remains stable over 3 years poststroke and is best explained by prior, early, anxiety, and female gender. Depression reduces over time and was explained by modifiable cognitions and behaviours, which replicates previous findings.
OBJECTIVES: Our earlier work had established that moderate depression significantly decreased over the first 6 months after stroke, whereas anxiety levels remained moderate but stable. This study examines the factors predictive of anxiety and depression to 3 years. METHODS:Patients were assessed on six occasions: on hospital admission, 10-20 days following admission, 1 and 6 months following discharge, and 1 and 3 years poststroke, with 38 of the original sample of 101 taking part at Year 3. Demographic and clinical variables, disability, handicap, and psychological measures were used to predict 3-year anxiety and depression, controlling for earlier levels of anxiety or depression. RESULTS: Multiple regression analyses of anxiety at 3 years, controlling for gender and previous anxiety, demonstrated that neither of the significant partial correlates of 6-month depression or satisfaction with treatment persisted. Gender effects persisted when controlling for previous anxiety. Multiple regression analyses of depression at 3 years, controlling for early depression, found that exercise, treatment satisfaction, anxiety, and handicap added significantly to the prediction of lower depression. CONCLUSIONS:Anxiety remains stable over 3 years poststroke and is best explained by prior, early, anxiety, and female gender. Depression reduces over time and was explained by modifiable cognitions and behaviours, which replicates previous findings.
Authors: A Ojagbemi; M Owolabi; R Akinyemi; O Arulogun; J Akinyemi; O Akpa; F S Sarfo; E Uvere; R Saulson; S Hurst; B Ovbiagele Journal: Acta Neurol Scand Date: 2017-04-17 Impact factor: 3.209
Authors: Yosef A Berlow; William M Wells; James M Ellison; Young Hoon Sung; Perry F Renshaw; David G Harper Journal: Int J Geriatr Psychiatry Date: 2010-08 Impact factor: 3.485
Authors: Jo-Ann Eastwood; Debra K Moser; Barbara J Riegel; Nancy M Albert; Susan Pressler; Misook L Chung; Sandra Dunbar; Jia-Rong Wu; Terry A Lennie Journal: Eur J Cardiovasc Nurs Date: 2012-03-13 Impact factor: 3.908
Authors: Tom P M M Vluggen; Jolanda C M van Haastregt; Jeanine A Verbunt; Elly J M Keijsers; Jos M G A Schols Journal: BMC Neurol Date: 2012-12-31 Impact factor: 2.474