Intraspecific and interspecific genetic and phylogenetic relationships in the genus Populus based on AFLP markers.

Although Populus has become the model genus for molecular genetics and genomics research on forest trees, genetic and phylogenetic relationships within this genus have not yet been comprehensively studied at the molecular level. By using 151 AFLP (AFLP is a registered trademark of Keygene) markers, 178 accessions belonging to 25 poplar species and three interspecific hybrids were analyzed, using three accessions belonging to two willow species as outgroups. The genetic and phylogenetic relationships were generally consistent with the known taxonomy, although notable exceptions were observed. A dendrogram as well as a single most parsimonious tree, ordered the Populus sections from the oldest Leuce to the latest Aigeiros, a pattern consistent with their known evolutionary relationships. A close relationship between Populus deltoides of the Aigeiros section and species of the Tacamahaca section was observed and, with the exception of Populus wilsonii, between the species of the Leucoides, Tacamahaca, and Aigeiros sections. Populus nigra was clearly separated from its consectional P. deltoides, and should be classified separately from P. deltoides. The AFLP profiles pointed out to the lack of divergence between some species and revealed that some accessions corresponded with interspecific hybrids. This molecular study provides useful information about genetic relationships among several Populus species and, together with morphological descriptions and crossability, it may help review and update systematic classification within the Populus genus.