Studies of helix fraying and solvation using 13C' isotopomers.

Both NMR and IR studies of carbonyl (13C') isotopomers of designed helices can provide residue-level details regarding the fractional occurrence and melting behavior of helical phi/psi angles along the sequence of helical peptides, details that cannot be obtained from CD or 1H-NMR studies. We have studied a classic series of helical models, Ac-YGG-(KAXAA)3K-NH2 (X=A,V), in both aqueous and helix-favoring media containing fluoroalcohol cosolvents, including a solvent system allowing the observation of cold denaturation. These studies confirmed the strong N-capping associated with this sequence and revealed more extensive C-terminal fraying than that calculated using current helicity prediction algorithms. In the X=A series, the central residues are somewhat resistant to thermal melting; it instead occurs predominantly at the frayable C terminus. For the X=V series under cold-denaturing conditions, the temperature of maximal helicity is not uniform along the sequence and both solvated and nonsolvated helical alanine sites (13C=O stretches at 1592 cm(-1) and 1615 cm(-1), respectively) are apparent. Correlation between the two spectroscopies employed yielded the intriguing observation that the valine side chain is able to desolvate the i - 4 amide in short monomeric helices. In addition, we report further measurements of the temperature dependence of alanine statistical coil chemical shifts, the temperature dependence of the 13C chemical shift of urea (employed as chemical shift reference), and a useful formula for converting 13C' shifts into fractional helicities.