Current concepts and controversies in the treatment of parenchymal brain metastases: improved outcomes with aggressive management.

The multimodality management of brain metastases has undergone significant refinement in the last decade. Although brain metastases remain a significant source of morbidity and mortality for many cancer patients, aggresive management has led to pronounced gains in neurological functioning, disease free survival and overall survival compared to standard treatment regimens consisting of only whole brain radiation therapy. Representative studies reviewing the role of aggressive management approaches including surgical resection with or without whole brain radiation therapy or non-surgical approaches employing stereotactic radiosurgery alone or in combination with whole brain radiation therapy are highlighted. Additionally, the emerging role of systemic agents showing distinct clinical activity in patients with brain metastases are also discussed. As we continue to gain advances in systemic therapies for metastatic disease, local control of brain metastases in these patients is likely to become more critical in improving survival and quality of life, thereby calling for a more aggressive multi-modal approach to this population of patients.