[Aftercare or not--that is the question!].

There are about 345,000 Germans who have been diagnosed with urological cancer over the last 5 years expecting help from the health services. Even if aftercare is now a substantial part of cancer treatment, its effectiveness has been proven for only a few cancer types. For the subset of urological cancers, evidence for effective diagnostic measures in the framework of aftercare exists only for cancers of the bladder and testis. In this case, the main objective is early detection of local recurrences and providing a curative chance for small cancers. Lack of effectiveness may result from the logic of cancer itself, and is not the consequence of insufficient study designs. Therefore, the main task of aftercare is talking to the patient, to determine individual needs and to recognise treatment consequences. For asymptomatic patients, there is no indication for routine aftercare diagnostics.