Biomechanical background and clinical observations of rotational malalignment in TKA: literature review and consequences.

Malalignment, in particular femoral component malrotation, is a commonly accepted failure mode in total knee arthroplasty. The general objective of this paper is twofold: firstly, it accentuates clinical observations of the effects of rotational malalignment in total knee arthroplasty. Secondly, it discusses the relevant parameters of existing knee joint models with regards to rotational malalignment and its biomechanical background, thereby setting a basis for future studies. To summarise, when modelling malalignment in total knee arthroplasty, the following aspects should be considered: Friction between the implant components, ligamentous and capsular structures, deformable body to model the PE inlay, and an in vivo validation of the model. Because of the large variance in anthropometrical data between individuals, future knee joint models should also incorporate individual data.