Critical steps in the production of polyclonal and monoclonal antibodies: evaluation and recommendations.

Antibodies are valuable tools in the laboratory and clinic. Antibodies include those secreted by a single clone of B lymphocytes, termed monoclonal antibodies, and those produced by a mixture of various B lymphocyte clones, termed polyclonal antibodies. Both products have become essential instruments in fundamental immunological research, immunohistochemistry, diagnostic testing, and vaccine quality control. Antibody production requires a substantial number of animals, and the animals are subjected to a number of invasive procedures such as antigen injection and blood collection. However, by carefully designing an immunization protocol and by optimizing the immunization response, it is possible to minimize animals' pain and distress while obtaining optimal immune responses. In this article, the critical steps in the production of polyclonal and monoclonal antibodies are described, specifically including selection of the animal species and its age, injection protocol, and ascites tapping. Recommendations are provided for optimizing the immunization response.