Anatomical signatures of dyslexia in children: unique information from manual and voxel based morphometry brain measures.

Thirteen male control and thirteen male dyslexic children (age, 121-152 months) were studied to determine if voxel based morphometry (VBM) could identify anatomical differences in the right cerebellar anterior lobe, and right and left pars triangularis that were identified with manual measures of the same children. VBM demonstrated significant gray and white matter differences in these three brain regions. In contrast to the manual results, these differences were not significant after controlling for brain volume, suggesting the manual measures captured additional important variance that distinguished the groups. Post-hoc VBM comparisons demonstrated white matter volume differences in a left temporal-parietal region that are consistent in location with results from diffusion tensor imaging studies of dyslexia. The VBM analyses also identified, gray matter volume differences in the left and right lingual gyrus, left inferior parietal lobule and cerebellum, areas that had not been examined with manual methods. We conclude that manual and automated methods provide valuable and complementary approaches to the search for functionally significant neurobiological characteristics of dyslexia.