Spermatozoal nuclear determinants of reproductive outcome: implications for ART.

A male factor is implicated in more than 50% of couples treated with IVF. However, neither the routine testing of male fertility potential nor its treatment address the specific mechanisms by which spermatozoal factors may impact upon reproductive outcome. An important function of spermatozoa is to deliver the paternal genome to the oocyte. Recently, a number of acquired spermatozoal nuclear factors that may have implications on reproductive outcome have been described. These include non-specific DNA strand breaks, numerical abnormalities in spermatozoal chromosome content, Y chromosome microdeletions and alterations in the epigenetic regulation of paternal genome. The exact mechanisms by which these factors affect reproduction are unknown and their implications for assisted reproduction technology outcome need to be further investigated. These recent findings point to the need for novel and more personalized approaches to test and treat male factor infertility.