S Stevens Negus1. 1. Alcohol and Drug Abuse Research Center, Harvard Medical School-McLean Hospital, Belmont, MA 02478, USA. negus@mclean.harvard.edu
Abstract
RATIONALE: Punishment is widely used in an effort to control drug-taking behavior; however, only a few preclinical studies have investigated the effects of punishment on drug self-administration. Such studies may contribute to more rational use of punishment to control drug use. OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the effects of punishment on choice between cocaine and food in rhesus monkeys. METHODS: Rhesus monkeys were trained under a concurrent-choice schedule of food delivery (1 g pellets, fixed-ratio 100 schedule) or cocaine injections (0-0.1 mg/kg per injection, fixed-ratio 10 schedule). Full cocaine choice dose-effect curves were determined under baseline conditions and under test conditions in which a putative punisher (intravenous histamine injection; 0.0032-0.032 mg/kg per injection) was paired with either food or cocaine delivery. RESULTS: Under baseline conditions, cocaine produced a dose-dependent increase in cocaine choice. Histamine functioned as a punisher of both food- and cocaine-maintained responding. Pairing histamine with food delivery reduced food choice, increased cocaine choice, and produced left shifts in the cocaine choice dose-effect curve. Conversely, pairing histamine with cocaine decreased cocaine choice, increased food choice, and produced right shifts in the cocaine choice dose-effect curve. The magnitude of histamine's punishing effects was directly related to histamine dose and probability of histamine delivery, and inversely related to the magnitude of the reinforcer. CONCLUSIONS: These results demonstrate that a primary effect of punishment in the context of food vs cocaine choice is not only a decrease in the behavior being punished, but also an increase in the unpunished alternative behavior.
RATIONALE: Punishment is widely used in an effort to control drug-taking behavior; however, only a few preclinical studies have investigated the effects of punishment on drug self-administration. Such studies may contribute to more rational use of punishment to control drug use. OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the effects of punishment on choice between cocaine and food in rhesus monkeys. METHODS:Rhesus monkeys were trained under a concurrent-choice schedule of food delivery (1 g pellets, fixed-ratio 100 schedule) or cocaine injections (0-0.1 mg/kg per injection, fixed-ratio 10 schedule). Full cocaine choice dose-effect curves were determined under baseline conditions and under test conditions in which a putative punisher (intravenous histamine injection; 0.0032-0.032 mg/kg per injection) was paired with either food or cocaine delivery. RESULTS: Under baseline conditions, cocaine produced a dose-dependent increase in cocaine choice. Histamine functioned as a punisher of both food- and cocaine-maintained responding. Pairing histamine with food delivery reduced food choice, increased cocaine choice, and produced left shifts in the cocaine choice dose-effect curve. Conversely, pairing histamine with cocaine decreased cocaine choice, increased food choice, and produced right shifts in the cocaine choice dose-effect curve. The magnitude of histamine's punishing effects was directly related to histamine dose and probability of histamine delivery, and inversely related to the magnitude of the reinforcer. CONCLUSIONS: These results demonstrate that a primary effect of punishment in the context of food vs cocaine choice is not only a decrease in the behavior being punished, but also an increase in the unpunished alternative behavior.
Authors: Marci R Mitchell; Colin M Vokes; Amy L Blankenship; Nicholas W Simon; Barry Setlow Journal: Psychopharmacology (Berl) Date: 2011-06-03 Impact factor: 4.530
Authors: Nicholas W Simon; Karienn S Montgomery; Blanca S Beas; Marci R Mitchell; Candi L LaSarge; Ian A Mendez; Cristina Bañuelos; Colin M Vokes; Aaron B Taylor; Rebecca P Haberman; Jennifer L Bizon; Barry Setlow Journal: J Neurosci Date: 2011-11-30 Impact factor: 6.167
Authors: Irina N Krasnova; Nathan J Marchant; Bruce Ladenheim; Michael T McCoy; Leigh V Panlilio; Jennifer M Bossert; Yavin Shaham; Jean L Cadet Journal: Neuropsychopharmacology Date: 2014-03-03 Impact factor: 7.853