Biliary complications in liver transplant recipients.

Despite numerous advancements in the management of patients who have undergone cadaveric liver transplantation, biliary complications continue to challenge clinicians. Biliary leaks in the early postoperative period and strictures in the late postoperative period represent the two major posttransplant biliary complications. Intrahepatic and hilar strictures are particularly difficult to manage and frequently require retransplantation, which should not be delayed. Choledocholithiasis and the biliary cast syndrome are frequently associated with underlying biliary strictures, and endoscopic attempts at removal should precede surgical interventions. Sphincter of Oddi dysfunction is increasingly recognized despite unclear pathophysiology. Hemobilia is most commonly iatrogenic and requires a high suspicion and prompt intervention. Although the number of diagnostic and therapeutic options have increased, there is no consensus as to which is superior. In recent years there has been a trend toward nonsurgical interventions, in particular endoscopic approaches.