Characterization of a strong positive cis-acting element of the human beta-myosin heavy chain gene in fetal rat heart cells.

A strong positive element within the proximal promoter region of the human beta-myosin heavy chain (beta-MHC) gene that is required for high level expression in primary cultures of fetal rat heart cells was localized by transient assays and DNase I footprinting to positions- 277/-298. Using gel shift studies, this sequence was found to bind specifically at high affinity (Kd approximately 4 x 10(-9) M) to a transcriptional factor (beta F1) found in nuclear extracts from rabbit heart. Dimethyl sulfate interference studies suggested that beta F1 may bind as a dimer to two hexameric imperfect direct repeats containing the consensus sequence 5'-(C/G)-T-G-(T/A)-G-G-3'. Gel shift analyses suggested that beta F1 is related to the M-CAT factor, which is known to control muscle-specific expression of the cardiac troponin T gene. A clustered mutation of the region between the putative binding half-sites and within the "M-CAT"-like domain abolished beta-MHC promoter activity. The sequence of the positive element also contains binding motifs for several transcriptional factors that regulate viral and cellular genes, including AP4, AP5, TEF-1, and MyoD-like proteins. When multiple copies of the beta-MHC element were inserted downstream from the transcriptional initiation site of the thymidine kinase gene, it did not act as a classical enhancer, showing some dependence upon orientation.