Construction of a molecular karyotype for Toxoplasma gondii.

As an important step in developing genetic systems for the protozoan parasite Toxoplasma gondii, we have constructed a molecular karyotype based on separation of chromosomes by pulsed field gel electrophoresis and assignment of linkage groups by hybridization. Toxoplasma chromosomes were separated using transverse alternating field electrophoresis (TAFE) gels into 9 distinct bands that defined a minimum of 10 physical linkage groups with apparent sizes that range from approximately 2 Mb to more than 6 Mb. Individual chromosome sizes were stable with prolonged mitotic passage of a single strain but varied by approximately 15% for chromosomes III and V between three different strains of Toxoplasma. Preliminary physical linkage groups were defined by mapping 57 single or low copy number probes to specific chromosomes by hybridization. The majority of these probes consist of random DNA segments; however, a number of cDNAs encoding important structural and antigenic components were also mapped to specific linkage groups. Assuming random distribution, this set of probes should provide approximately 1 marker every 1.0-1.5 Mb over the 80 Mb haploid genome and should greatly aid in using genetics to study the biology, drug resistance, and virulence of this important opportunistic pathogen.