The past, present and future of cell-free protein synthesis.

Recent technical advances have revitalized cell-free expression systems to meet the increasing demands for protein synthesis. Cell-free systems offer several advantages over traditional cell-based expression methods, including the easy modification of reaction conditions to favor protein folding, decreased sensitivity to product toxicity and suitability for high-throughput strategies because of reduced reaction volumes and process time. Moreover, improvements in translation efficiency have resulted in yields that exceed a milligram of protein per milliliter of reaction mix. We review the advances on this expanding technology and highlight the growing list of associated applications.