The odds that clinically unrecognized poor or partial adherence confuses population pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic analyses.

Electronic compilation of ambulatory patients' or trial participants' dosing histories has revealed that a wide range of dosing patterns, markedly skewed toward underdosing, occur in virtually every disease and treatment situation so far studied. In planning ambulatory trials and their analyses, one should recognize that patients' variable exposure to test drugs, created by their diversely erratic execution of protocol-specified dosing regimens, is generally the single largest source of variance in drug responses. Trial subjects' erratic dosing behaviour may, if ignored, weaken the trial's assay sensitivity. In contrast, reliably compiled and soundly analyzed dosing histories may greatly inform the analysis of the trial. Dosing histories found to be associated with suboptimal clinical results can highlight particular dosing patterns that should be avoided. Thus begins the sequence leading from first observations, to repeat observations, to ethically possible experimental designs, to causal inference, i.e., learning and then confirming. With the broadening use of electronic monitoring to estimate longitudinal drug exposure, the need exists for an explicit discipline that concerns itself with "what the patient does with the drug". It is called Pharmionics.