Fine-mapping of the BaMMV, BaYMV-1 and BaYMV-2 resistance of barley (Hordeum vulgare) accession PI1963.

Barley yellow mosaic disease caused by the bymoviruses barley mild mosaic virus (BaMMV) and barley yellow mosaic virus (BaYMV) is one of the economically most important diseases of winter barley in Europe. In European barley breeding programmes, resistance is currently due to only two genes-rym4, which is effective against viruses BaMMV and BaYMV-1, and rym5, which is effective against BaYMV-2. Diversification of resistance is therefore an important task. Because the accession PI1963 confers immunity against all European strains of barley yellow mosaic disease and is not allelic to rym5, we have attempted to develop closely linked markers in order to facilitate the efficient introgression of this resistance into adapted germplasm. By means of restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis, we located a gene locus for resistance to BaMMV, BaYMV-1 and BaYMV-2 of PI1963 on chromosome 4HL using a mapping population (W757) comprising 57 doubled haploid (DH) lines. Subsequent tests for allelism indicated that the BaMMV resistance gene in PI1963 is allelic to rym11. Two DH populations, IPK1 and IPK2, comprising 191 and 161 DH lines, respectively, were derived from the initial mapping population W757 and used for further analysis. As random amplified polymorphic DNA development did not facilitate the identification of more closely linked markers, simple sequence repeat (SSR) analyses were conducted. For population IPK1, the closest SSRs detected were Bmac181 and Bmag353, which flank the gene at 2.1 cM and 2.7 cM, respectively. For the IPK2 population, the SSR markers HVM3 and Bmag353 are located proximally at 2.5 cM and distally at 8.2 cM, respectively. In order to develop markers more tightly linked to rym11, a targeted amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) marker identification approach was adopted using bulks comprising lines carrying recombination events proximal and distal to the target interval. Using this approach we identified six AFLP markers closely linked to rym11, with the two markers, E56M32 and E49M33, co-segregating with rym11 in both populations. The SSRs and AFLPs identified in this study represent useful tools for marker-assisted selection.