Age and immune response in organ transplantation.

The immune system undergoes a complex and continuous remodeling as the result of aging. These changes have a major impact on allorecognition and alloresponse. In addition, immunosuppression in the elderly is challenging as a consequence of an increased incidence of associated comorbidities and altered pharmacokinetics. Both advanced donor and recipient age should be considered independent risk factors for poor patient and graft survival rates, albeit acting in a synergistic manner. Consequently, modifications of the immune system because of aging may request an age-adapted allocation and immunosuppression in parallel with close patient monitoring. Interventions to selectively target changes associated with the senescence process seem to be promising therapeutic strategies to improve transplantation outcome. Here, we are going to review the immunologic changes associated with the aging process relevant for transplantation and their impact on immunosuppressive protocols, organ allocation policies, and transplantation outcome.