The impact of genomics on vaccine design.

After 200 years of practice, vaccinology has gained new perspectives for preventing infectious diseases. Sequencing of complete bacterial genomes led to the development of new large-scale technologies, such as bioinformatics, proteomics and DNA microarrays. By examining genetic content, as well as transcription and expression profiles, a more detailed understanding of bacterial pathogenesis can be reached. Moreover, the whole-genome perspective is expected to provide an instrumental contribution to vaccine development, particularly to target those pathogens for which the traditional approaches have failed so far. In this review, we describe how genomic approaches can be used to identify novel vaccine candidates or create safer live-attenuated vaccines.