Uric acid and transplantation.

Hyperuricemia is a common complication in organ transplant recipients, and frequently is associated with chronic cyclosporine immunosuppressive therapy. Kidney and heart transplant recipients are prone to develop posttransplant hyperuricemia. Risk factors for hyperuricemia include decreased glomerular filtration rate (GFR), diuretic use, and preexistent history of hyperuricemia. The influence of hyperuricemia in patient and graft survival is unclear because uric acid is not usually considered a common risk factor for cardiovascular disease that affects graft and patient survival. However, there have been small studies that have suggested that control of uric acid levels contributes to recovery of renal function (in heart and liver transplant recipients) and in an improvement in GFR in renal transplant recipients. Despite controversies in the need for hyperuricemia treatment in transplant patients, strategies to decrease uric acid levels includes a decrease or avoidance of cyclosporine treatment, adequacy of antihypertension treatment, avoidance of diuretics, nutritional management, and use of uric acid-decreasing agents. In this article we review the incidence and risk factors for the development of posttransplant hyperuricemia, discuss the influence of different immunosuppressive agents on uric acid metabolism, and suggest some alternative treatments for posttransplant hyperuricemia. We also consider that uric acid should be considered as a potential risk factor for renal allograft nephropathy or for renal dysfunction in nonrenal transplant recipients, as well as a comorbid factor for a decrease in patient and graft survival.