Effectiveness of earplugs in high-intensity impulse noise.

The efficiency of different types of earplugs was assessed by means of Békésy audiometry following the exposure of 42 human subjects to weapon impulses. The peak pressure of the impulses ranged from 2.3-27.8 kPa (from 161 to 183-dB peak SPL) and the A-weighted equivalent level (over 8 h) of each exposure ranged from 100-114 dB. All subjects wore earplugs fitted by an experienced individual. The devices tested included one brand of conventional foam earplugs and a number of different models of perforated earplugs, one type of which had been previously shown to provide nonlinear attenuation. Perforated earplugs were tested because they provide better speech communication than conventional passive earplugs, and in the nonlinear case also afford attenuation that increases with the peak pressure of the impulses. The temporary threshold shifts (TTSs) observed in these experiments were very small and indicated no significant hazard for hearing. Well-fitted perforated earplugs seem to be able to protect the ear from infrequent exposures to the high-level impulses produced by small and large weapons while allowing good speech communication, and without impairing the operational capacity of soldiers who must remain aware of their acoustic environment.