Differential ability of sigma(s) and sigma70 of Escherichia coli to utilize promoters containing half or full UP-element sites.

The sigma(s) subunit of RNA polymerase (RNAP) is the master regulator of the general stress response in Escherichia coli. Nevertheless, the selectivity of promoter recognition by the housekeeping sigma70-containing and sigma5-containing RNAP holoenzymes (Esigma70 and Esigma(s) respectively) is not yet fully clarified, as they both recognize nearly identical -35 and -10 promoter consensus sequences. In this study, we show that in a subset of promoters, Esigma(s) favours the presence of a distal UP-element half-site, and at the same time is unable to take advantage of a proximal half-site or a full UP-element. This is reflected by the frequent occurrence of distal UP-element half-sites in natural sigma(s)-dependent promoters and the absence of proximal half-sites. Esigma70, however, exhibits the opposite preference. The presence of the -35 element is a prerequisite for this differential behaviour. In the absence of the -35 element, half or full UP-element sites play no role in sigma selectivity, but the distal subsite leads to an equivalent, if not greater, transcriptional stimulation than the proximal one for both sigma factors. Finally, experiments using single amino acid substitutions of sigma(s) indicate that the foundation for this preference lies in an inability of sigma(s) to interact with the a subunit C-terminal domain.