c-Myc activation by Theileria parasites promotes survival of infected B-lymphocytes.

Theileria parasites infect and transform bovine lymphocytes, but host cell immortalization is reversible, as upon parasite death the lymphocytes rapidly die of apoptosis. Infection leads to a marked augmentation in the levels of lymphocyte c-Myc, and the parasite achieves this by inducing increased c-myc transcription and by prolonging the half-life of the transcription factor. Reduction in c-Myc turnover can be ascribed to CK2-mediated phosphorylation of the transcription factor. A parasite-dependent GM-CSF autocrine loop activates a JAK2/STAT3 signalling pathway that contributes to heightened c-myc transcription, and inhibition of the pathway leads to caspase 9 activation and apoptosis that can be directly ascribed to a reduction in c-Myc. An antiapoptotic role for c-Myc was clearly demonstrated by specific inhibition of c-myc expression with antisense oligonucleotides, and this correlates with loss of the antiapoptotic protein Mcl-1, and, consistently, ectopic expression of c-Myc abrogates B-cell death induced upon JAK2 inhibition. Thus, Theileria parasites ensure the survival of their host lymphocytes via specific activation of c-Myc.