Multiple interactions of the 'transducer' govern its function in calpain activation by Ca2+.

Typical calpains in mammals become activated on binding of 8-12 Ca2+ ions per enzyme molecule, giving an example of integrated, manifold regulation by calcium. Besides two identified Ca2+ sites in catalytic domain II and several EF-hand motifs in domains IV and VI, an acidic loop in the centrally positioned domain III seems to harbour Ca2+. The mediator of distant Ca2+-induced structural transitions is an elongated structural element, the 'transducer'. By site-directed mutagenesis along the transducer, we have generated various forms of rat m-calpain in which critical intramolecular interactions, as judged from the X-ray structure, would be abolished or modified. The kinetic parameters of these mutant enzymes support a model featuring shrinkage of transducer as a contributor to structural changes involved in calpain activation.