Impact of genomics on microbial food safety.

Genome sequences are now available for many of the microbes that cause food-borne diseases. The information contained in pathogen genome sequences, together with the development of themed and whole-genome DNA microarrays and improved proteomics techniques, might provide tools for the rapid detection and identification of such organisms, for assessing their biological diversity and for understanding their ability to respond to stress. The genomic information also provides insight into the metabolic capacity and versatility of microbes; for example, specific metabolic pathways might contribute to the growth and survival of pathogens in a range of niches, such as food-processing environments and the human host. New concepts are emerging about how pathogens function, both within foods and in interactions with the host. The future should bring the first practical benefits of genome sequencing to the field of microbial food safety, including strategies and tools for the identification and control of emerging pathogens.